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The movement of 1977 was a spontaneous political movement that arose in Italy in 1977. It originated mostly from groups of extra-parliamentary left; as for form and substance, it was completely new compared to previous student movements, such as the protests of 1968. In fact, it was characterized by the declared objection to the system of parties, unions, and even political movements.〔Paolo Virno, Michael Hardt, ''(Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics )'', Minnesota Press, 2006 - ISBN 978-0-8166-4924-2〕 ==Historical and social context== The movement arose in conjunction with the crisis of the extra-parliamentary organizations that led to social struggles in the years after the 1968, together with the so-called ''mass university'': after the 1969 school reform, also young people from proletariat family could attend a university, which, until then, had been a privilege held almost exclusively by students from more affluent classes. After a decade of disputes in schools and in society, the rigor of the old revolutionary groups appeared inadequate and outdated. Indeed, the protests were also addressed at the political practice of those organizations from which the participants in the movement of '77 originated. Moreover, the feminist movement, which since the early '70s had had a very strong growth, was present in the movement with its instances of sexual liberation.〔Paul Ginsborg, ''(A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943-1988 )'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 - ISBN 978-1-4039-6153-2〕 Another important aspect was the political action of Marco Pannella's Radical Party. Pannella, after the victory in the 1974 referendum for divorce, had greatly enlarged the ranks of his party, and concentrated their efforts on human rights, civil rights, pacifism and nonviolence. Among the Radical Party's goals was also a struggle against authoritarianism and repression, the gay liberation and the anti-prohibitionism of drugs. At that time, underground culture and counterculture newspapers, such as the magazine ''Re Nudo'' (''The Naked King'') founded in 1969 in Milan by a group of hippies, started being printed. These had organized two large pop rallies (named ''Youth Festival of the proletariat'') in Parco Lambro, Milan, somewhat modeled on the Woodstock festival (1969). The culture also passed through the so-called ''free radios'', born after the liberalization of broadcasting in 1976. Internationally, in 1977 there came the "first wave" of punk subculture called "Punk 77", particularly relating to British scene (British Punk) and American (American punk). In this context a complex movement, libertarian and creative, was born where there were no leaders and where involvement and responsibility were closely personal, although a leading role in the struggles continued being played by the now dissolved Lotta Continua militants, and especially by the area of autonomy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Movement of 1977」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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